(1932) was the first full length Gujarati talkie. Gujarati cinema, informally referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood, is the film industry. It is one of the major regional and vernacular film industries of the, having produced more than one thousand films since its inception.

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During the silent film era, many individuals in the industry were. The language-associated industry dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati,, was released. Until the in 1947, only twelve Gujarati films were produced. There was a spurt in film production in the 1940s focused on saint, sati or stories as well as and folktales. In 1950s–1960s, the trend continued with the addition of films on literary works. In the 1970s, the announced a and subsidies which resulted in an increase in the number of films, but the quality declined. After flourishing through the 1960s–1980s, the industry saw a decline through 2000 when the number of new films dropped below twenty.

The Gujarat state government announced a tax exemption again in 2005 which lasted till 2017. The industry has been partially revived in the 2010s due first to rural demand, and later to an influx of new technology and urban subjects in films. The state government announced a policy of incentives in 2016. Cinema show times written in typical Gujarati style; (above) Screen-1 Show – 12​ 1⁄ 2, 3​ 1⁄ 2, 6​ 1⁄ 2, 9​ 1⁄ 2 (below) 12​ 1⁄ 4, 3​ 1⁄ 4, 6​ 1⁄ 4, 9​ 1⁄ 4 Even before the advent of there were several silent films closely related to the and their culture, and many directors, producers and actors who were Gujarati and. Between 1913 and 1931 there were twenty leading film company and studios owned by Gujaratis—mostly in (now )—and at least forty-four leading Gujarati directors.

The silent film (also called Bhagat Soordas, 1919) was directed by Rustomji Dhotiwala, a Parsi Gujarati, based on a story by Gujarati writer Champshi Udeshi. This full-length (132 minutes, 12,000 feet (3,700 m)) film was produced by of Calcutta (now in ), and is considered. Suchet Singh established the Oriental Film Manufacturing Company of Bombay with the help of, an editor of the popular Gujarati magazine Visami Sadi, in 1919. The silent film Narsinh Mehta (1920), produced by Oriental, featured the Gujarati song ', which was sung by the audience and musicians in cinema halls with relevant scenes on screen., an early Gujarati film producer, began his involvement with the film industry in.

He bought a projector and held film shows. He later established Patankar Friends & Company with for film productions. Raja Sriyal was the company's first film, but it was not released due to a defective print. Kach-Devyani (1920), directed by Patankar, featured dancing, marking the first appearance of Gujarati culture in films.

Sampat later founded the. Kohinoor's first film, Sati Parvati (1920), which also depicted Gujarati culture, was directed by Vishnupant Divekar and featured Prabha, an actress from, in the lead role of. (1921), directed by, was implicitly political: The film featured Sampat in the lead role of, who donned a, an allusion to the led. The film had a Gujarati song, ' Rudo Maro Rentiyo, Rentiyama Nikle Taar, Taare Taare Thay Bharatno Uddhar', referred to the spinning wheel ( ) on the flag of the at that time.

It was the first film banned in India. It was re-released in 1922 under the title Dharm Vijay. Pavagadhnu Patan (The Fall of Pavagadh, 1928) was directed by Nagendra Majumdar and produced. Yagnik was an independence activist who later headed the demanding a separate state.

Yagnik produced ten films under various banners. Kohinoor produced many films in the silent film era, including in a period dominated by mythological films. Katorabhar Khoon (1920) was its first social film. Manorama (1924) was directed by and was based on Hridaya Triputi, an autobiographical poem by the Gujarati poet. Gul-E-Bakavali (1924), written by and directed by Rathod, ran successfully for fourteen weeks. Manilal Joshi, an experimental Gujarati director, directed Abhimanyu (1922), which was produced by the Star Film Company, and later Prithivi Vallabh based on the novel of the same name by Gujarati author.

The Krishna Film Company, established in 1924 and owned by Maneklal Patel, produced forty-four films between 1925 and 1931. The Sharda Film Company was established in 1925, financed by Mayashankar Bhatt and run by Bhogilal Dave and Nanubhai Desai. Bhatt also financed 's Hindustan Cinema Film Company.

Early talkies (1932–1947) [ ] Before the 1931 release of the first full-length Indian sound film,, a short Gujarati sound film, Chav Chavno Murabbo, was released on 4 February 1931 in Bombay. It included the song Mane Mankad Karde ('A Bug Bites Me'), the first sound in any Indian film. The film was produced by Maneklal Patel, with lyrics and dialogue by Natwar Shyam.

The title, literally 'Chew Chew's Marmalade', refers to having to chew to swallow it and probably has no specific connection to the plot. Before the first full-length Gujarati sound film, Narsinh Mehta (1932), two short Gujarati sound films were released with Hindi talkies. The two-reel short Krishna–Sudama, produced by the Imperial Film Company, was released with Hindi talkie Nek Abala.

Another two-reel short, Mumbai ni Shethani was premiered along with Madan's Shirin Farhad on 9 January 1932 at Wellington Cinema, Bombay. It was produced by Theatres of Calcutta and was based on the story written by Champshi Udeshi. The film starred Mohan, Miss Sharifa and Surajram and included the Gujarati song Fashion ni Fishiari, Juo, Mumbai ni Shethani. The release of the first full-length Gujarati talkie, on 9 April 1932 marks the true beginning of Gujarati cinema. It was directed by, produced by Sagar Movietone, and starred Mohanlala, Marutirao, Master Manhar, and Miss.

It was of the 'saint' genre and was on the life of the saint. It was followed in 1932 by Sati Savitri, based on the epic story of, and in 1935 by the comedy Ghar Jamai, directed. Ghar Jamai starred: Heera, Jamna, Baby Nurjehan, Amoo, Alimiya, Jamshedji, and Gulam Rasool. It featured a 'resident son-in-law' and his escapades as well as his problematic attitude towards the freedom of women. Gunsundari was made three times from 1927 to 1948. The film was such a success in its first appearance in 1927, that director remade it in 1934. It was remade again in 1948 by Ratilal Punatar.

Gunsundari is the story of a poor Indian woman who is disliked by her husband for her moral stand. The woman finally lands in the street where she meets a person who is just like her—a social outcast. The story ends there. However, the three versions include some changes to reflect their times. There were twelve films released between 1932 and 1940. No Gujarati films were produced in 1933, 1937 or 1938. From 1941 to 1946 there was no production, due to the rationing of raw materials during World War II.

Post-independence (1946–1970) [ ] After the in 1947, there was a surge in the production of Gujarati films. Twenty-six films were produced in 1948 alone. Between 1946 and 1952, seventy-four films were produced including twenty-seven films related to saint, sati or stories. These stories were designed to appeal to rural audiences familiar with such subjects. Several films produced during this period were associated with myths or folktales people were familiar with. Vishnukumar M.

Vyas directed Ranakdevi (1946) based on the legend of. Made her debut as an actress in the film and later succeeded in the Hindi film industry playing the role of a mother in various films. Meerabai (1946) was a remake of the Hindi film directed by Nanubhai Bhatt starring Nirupa Roy. Punatar directed Gunsundari (1948) also starring Nirupa Roy. Kariyavar (1948), directed by, introduced to the film audience.

Doshi also directed Vevishal (1949), an adaptation of the novel of the same name. Punatar's Mangalfera (1949) was a remake of the Hindi film Shadi (1941) produced. Other popular Gujarati films were Vadilona Vanke (1948) directed by Ramchandra Thakur; Gada no Bel (1950) directed by Ratibhai Punatar based on the play by Prabhulal Dwivedi; and Leeludi Dharti (1968) directed by Vallabh Choksi based on the novel of same name. Leeludi Dharti was the Gujarati cinema's first colour film. Between 1951 and 1970, there was a decline in film production with only fifty-five films produced during this period. (1956) was directed by Manhar Raskapur based on novel by which was scripted by the novelist himself. Raskapur and producer-actor Champshibhai Nagda produced several films including: Jogidas Khuman (1948), Kahyagaro Kanth (1950), Kanyadan (1951), Mulu Manek (1955), Malela Jeev (1956), Kadu Makrani (1960), (1960), Jogidas Kuman (1962), Akhand Saubhagyavati (1963) and Kalapi (1966).

Akhand Saubhagyavati was the first Gujarati film financed by the Film Finance Corporation (now the ) and starred in the lead role. (1969), directed by Kantilal Rathod, was based on the short story by originally written in 1936 and later expanded into a novel in 1970. Kanku won the at the, and its actress Pallavi Mehta won an award at the., a popular Hindi film actor, acted in: Ramat Ramade Ram (1964), Kalapi (1966) and Jigar ane Ami (1970).

Jigar ane Ami was adapted from the novel of same name by Chunilal Vardhman Shah. Vidhata (1956), Chundadi Chokha (1961), Ghar Deevdi (1961), Nandanvan (1961), Gharni Shobha (1963), Panetar (1965), Mare Jaavu Pele Paar (1968), Bahuroopi (1969) and Sansarleela (1969) were adapted from Gujarati literary works. Rise and decline (1970–2000) [ ]. Who directed which won two National Awards Following the, the separate linguistic states of and were formed from the on 1 May 1960. This had a great impact on the Gujarati film industry as Bombay, the centre of film production, fell in Maharashtra.

There was a lack of major film production houses and studios in Gujarat resulting in a decline in the quality and number of films. In the 1970s, the announced subsidies and tax exemptions for Gujarati films resulting in spurt in film production. A studio was established in in 1972. The state policy which benefited producers cost the state Rs 80 million in 1981–1982 for the thirty-nine films produced during that period. An entertainment tax exemption of Rs. 3,00,000 was announced for producers who completed films.

This policy resulted in an influx of people interested in monetary benefits who did not have any technical or artistic knowledge, thus the quality of films declined substantially. After 1973 a large number of films were produced focused on deities and. In 1980, the tax exemption was reduced to 70% but the remaining 30% was given to producers for assistance in other ways. Gunsundarino Gharsansar (1972), directed by Govind Saraiya, won the at the.

Sarkar directed Janamteep (1973) adapted from the novel of same name. Adapted Vinodini Neelkanth's short story Dariyav Dil for the film Kashi no Dikro (1979). Directed a dozen films between 1969 and 1984.

Dinesh Raval directed twenty six hit films including: Mena Gurjari (1975), Amar Devidas (1981) and Sant Rohidas (1982). Actor-director Krishna Kant, popularly known as KK, directed about a dozen Gujarati films including: Kulvadhu (1977), Gharsansar (1978), Visamo (1978) and Jog Sanjog (1980). These films were critically as well as popularly well received.

KK had long and successful acting career in Hindi and too. Directed several hits including: Janam Janam na Sathi (1977), Ma Vina Suno Sansar (1982), Dholamaru (1983) and Meru Malan (1985).

Jesal Toral (1971) directed by Ravindra Dave was one of the biggest hits of Gujarati cinema. He also directed over twenty-five films popular with audiences. Chandrakant Sangani directed the musical film Tanariri (1975), based on the Gujarati folk-lore of, which highlighted a little-known side of who is usually presented as a consistently benign ruler. He also directed Kariyavar (1977) based on the novel Vanzari Vaav. Sonbai ni Chundadi (1976), directed by Girish Manukant, was the first Gujarati film. Mansai na Deeva (1984), directed by Govind Saraiya, was based on the novel of same name. Shah directed several popular films: Lohi Bhini Chundadi (1986), Prem Bandhan (1991), Oonchi Medina Ooncha Mol (1996), Parbhavni Preet (1997), and Mahisagarna Moti (1998).

From 1973 to 1987, produced several films matching the production values of Hindi films. He made several films with urban backgrounds such as Mota Gharni Vahu, Lohini Sagaai (1980) based on the novel by Ishwar Petlikar, Paarki Thaapan, Shetal Tara Oonda Paani (1986) which were commercially as well as critically successful. His movie Pooja na Phool, made in the early 1980s, won him an award for the Best Film from the Government of Gujarat and was also telecast on in the Sunday slot for regional award-winning films. (1980), directed by, was produced by NFDC, the Sanchar Film Cooperative Society, and a district bank in. Though the film was not a folk theatre form of, it incorporated several elements of it. It was praised for performances and camerawork, and won awards such as the, the for Meera Lakhia, and another award at the Nantes festival in France.

The Parsi Gujarati film (1989) directed by Pervez Merwanji won the National Award for the Best Feature Film in Gujarati at the. (1991), directed by Sanjiv Shah, was an film inspired by the political environment of the time and was felt to be post-modern.

Belly Laughs By Jenny Mccarthy Pdf File. In 1998, directed by became very successful and went on to become a super-hit. The film grossed more than ₹ 10. Produced Dariya Chhoru in 1999. Other hit films of 1990s were Manvini Bhavai (1993), Unchi Medi Na Uncha Mol (1997) and Pandadu Lilu Ne Rang Rato (1999).

Was one of the most successful Gujarati actors and producers. He produced Jher To Pidhan Jaani Jaani (1972) based on the epic novel of the same name by 'Darshak'. He also produced, acted and directed in Manvi ni Bhavai (1993) based on the novel of the same name by Pannalal Patel. The film was widely appreciated and went to win the National Award for the Best Feature Film in Gujarati at the.,,,,,, and had long and successful careers. And were popular for their comic roles. Popular Gujarati film actresses included:,,,,,, and.

Was one of the major composers of the Gujarati cinema who wrote music for 168 Gujarati films and 61 Hindi films. His son Gaurang Vyas was also a composer who wrote the music for Bhavni Bhavai. Mahesh-Naresh composed the music for several Gujarati films including Tanariri. Another notable music composer was. Some 368 Gujarati feature films and 3,562 Gujarati short films were produced by 1981.

The Gujarat Film Development Corporation (GFDC) established to promote Gujarati films was closed in 1998. The quality of the films declined due to the focus on recovering the financial investments and profits as well as not adapting to changing times, technology and demographics. Low budget films with compromised quality targeted rural audiences while urban audiences moved to television and Bollywood films with quality content as they had a fair understanding of the. Revival (2001–present) [ ] Fewer than twenty films a year were produced in the early 2000s. In 2005, the Government of Gujarat announced a 100% exemption for U and U/A certified films and 20% tax on A certified films. The government also announced ₹ 5 subsidy for Gujarati films.

There was an increase in the number of films produced after 2005 due to the tax exemption and the rise in demand for films in rural North Gujarat and especially. The demand was fueled by the working class population demanding local musical and linguistic styled films which were mostly released in single screen cinemas. The number of films produced per year was over sixty in 2009 and 2010. In 2012, the Gujarati cinema produced a record number of seventy-two films. Maiyar Ma Manadu Nathi Lagtu (2001) directed by, starring Hiten Kumar, was well received. The film's sequel was released in 2008.

Gam Ma Piyariyu Ne Gam Ma Sasariyu (2005) and Muthi Uchero Manas (2006) were also well received by audiences. Dholi Taro Dhol Vage (2008) directed by, was produced. Starred in several films including (2006). His six films for rural audiences earned ₹ 3 crore. He is considered the current superstar of Gujarati cinema by various media. Hiten Kumar, Chandon Rathod, Hitu Kanodia, Mamta Soni, Roma Manek and are popular among rural audiences.

The Better Half (2008) directed by Ashish Kakkad failed commercially but drew the attention of critics and an urban audience. It was the first Gujarati film on and the first released in multiplexes., a 2009 film in Hindi, Gujarati, and English, written and directed by, won the Silver Lotus Award or Rajat Kamal in the category at the. 1 (2005) and Vanechandno Varghodo (2007), both starring, were big budget films but had moderate collections. In August 2011, the Gujarati film industry reached a milestone, having produced over a thousand films since the beginning of the talkies.

(2012) was an historical film which was shortlisted for Indian representation at the Oscars. (2013), directed by Gyan Correa, won the at the and later became the first Gujarati film ever selected to represent India at the. The film won the Best Feature Film Jury Award at the Indian Film Festival, Houston in October 2013. (2012) and (2014), both directed by, became commercially and critically successful drawing an urban audience. Kevi Rite Jaish and Bey Yaar ran for sixteen and fifty weeks in cinemas respectively; both films were released worldwide. The success of these films drew new actors, directors and producers to the Gujarati film industry which resulted in a spurt in film productions.

Digital technology and social media helped the film industry by expanding its reach. Starring and were declared hit films of 2015. The box office collection of Gujarati films increased from ₹ 7 crore in 2014 to ₹ 55 crore in 2015.

Total 65 and 68 films were released in 2014 and 2015 respectively. Total number of screens playing Gujarati films rose from 20–25 in 2011 to about 150–160 in 2015. The ₹ 5 lakh by the Government of Gujarat was discontinued in August 2013. Three years later, in February 2016, a new incentive policy was announced which was focused on the quality of films. Films are graded in four categories, A to D, based on technical aspects, production quality, film components, and box office performance. The producers are provided with assistance of ₹ 50 lakh for A grade, ₹ 25 lakh for B grade, ₹ 10 lakh for C grade and ₹ 5 lakh for D grade films or 75% of production costs whichever is lower.

A film can also receive additional incentives for its performance at film festivals and awards nominations/wins. The multiplexes are also directed to have at least forty-nine screenings of Gujarati films per year.

As of September 2016, there were nearly 100 films in various stages of production. The 2016 film won the Best Feature Film in Gujarati at the. Shubh Aarambh (2016), (2017) and (2017) helped to establish the revived industry. The entertainment tax exemption for Gujarati films ended with an introduction of the in July 2017. Subjects [ ] The scripts and stories of the Gujarati films include relationship and family oriented subjects, as well as human aspirations and Indian family culture. There were a large number of films based on mythological narratives and folklore produced in the early years of Gujarati cinema.

The lives of popular saints and satis of Gujarat, like and, were made into films. They were targeted at rural audiences familiar with the subjects.

The early filmmakers also included subjects dealing with social reforms. There were social films associated with family life and marriage such as Gunsundari and Kariyavar. The historical, social and religious subjects dominated through 1940s and 1950s. Several Gujarati films were adapted from Gujarati novels such as Kashi no Dikro. There was a spurt again in the 1970s for saint/sati films. In 1980s and 90s, the films were influenced by the Hindi cinema and several action and romance films were produced. In the early 2000s, films were targeted chiefly at rural audiences demanding local narratives with local linguistic style.

Following 2005, urban subjects were introduced leading to a revival of Gujarati cinema. In recent times, films which are more relevant to audiences are being produced. (2013) was the first Gujarati film focused on the. Archives [ ] About one thousand and thirty Gujarati films were made between 1932 and 2011 but very few are archived. At the (NFAI), only twenty Gujarati films including two Parsi-Gujarati films, Pestoneei (1987) directed by Vijaya Mehta and (1989) directed by Pervez Merwanji, are archived.

No silent films or talkies of 1930s and 1940s survived. See also [ ] • Notes [ ].